f\ **''"*»« 



A Teaching Plan 
of Grammar 



\ 



A Teaching Plan 
of Grammar 

Prepared by a Committee 



EDITED BY 



JOSEPH S. TAYLOR, Pd. D. 

District Superintendent of Schools 
New York 



1922 

Published by 
THE EDITOR 

2275 Loring Place, Bronx 
New York 






\ 



\ 






Copyright, 1916,1 922 
By JOSEPH S. TAYLOR 



Fourth Edition 






JUL 10 1922 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Preface 5 

Definitions 9 

Grade 6A 21 

Grade 6B 25 

Grade 7A 29 

Grade 7B 34 

Grade 8A • 39 

Grade 8B 44 

Slang 49 

Idioms 50 

Rules of Syntax 51 



PREFACE 



correlation should no longer be so complete that the sub- 
jects lose their individuality. By the time a pupil reaches 
the eighth grade he should have a systematic knowledge 
of grammar as such, composition as such, and literature 
as such. 

Attention is called to the following features of these 
outlines : 

1. The New York course of study and syllabus in 
English and the grammatical definitions of the writer are 
the basis of the content of the plans. 

2. The plan of each grade makes provision for the sys- 
tematic review of the work of that grade and of preced- 
ing grades. 

3. The copulative verb is included in the class of in- 
transitive verbs. Some intransitive verbs are copulative, 
others are not. 

4. The classification of adjectives employs the terms of 
the N. E. A. Nomenclature Committee.* It is manifestly 
a violation of at least two of the three rules** of logical 
division to make the demonstrative adjective one of the 
large coordinate classes, according to the custom of some 
modern grammarians. 



* Pronominal adjectives may be subdivided into the following 
classes : 

(a) Distributive: each, cither, neither, many a. These relate 
to objects taken separately. 

(b) Demonstratives : this, these, that, those, yon, yonder, same, 
former, latter. These point out objects definitely. 

(c) Indefinites : one, other, another, any, some, such, all, both, 
none. These relate to objects indefinitely. 

(d) Interrogatives : which, what, and their compounds. 



PREFACE 7 

5. Verbals are classified in the plan as infinitives, par- 
ticiples, and participial nouns. This is done in obedience to 
the Board of Superintendents' Circular No. 17, 1911-'12, 
which uses these terms. In my "Definitions," however, I 
am using gerund instead of participial noun, because I am 
convinced that gerund is the more accurate term. In this 
view I am supported by the N. E. A. Nomenclature Com- 
mittee, which calls attention to the fact that the term is 
common to English, Latin, and the Romance languages. 

6. The classification of adjectives is suggested in this 
plan (7a), though not required by the syllabus. A simple 
classification of adverbs is also suggested (7B), though 
not required by the new course. In the opinion of the 
writer and of the committee which prepared the plans, 

** The three rules are : 

(1) The sum of the species must equal the genus, i.e., in the 
present case, must include all existing adjectives. 

(2) There must be but one basis of classification. 

(3) The classes must be mutually exclusive. Maxwell has three 
classes — quality, quantity, and demonstratives. Now, there are a 
number of adjectives, such as other, any, some, such, all, none, 
either, neither, etc., that do not fall into any of Maxwell's classes ; 
hence his scheme violates rule one. Carpenter has six classes — 
quality, quantity, demonstratives, interrogative, relative, pro- 
nominal. Demonstratives are pronominal, hence this class violates 
rule three. 

Remark. — In the following sentences, consider ivhich and what 
interrogative adjectives : 

"I know what book you mean" ; 
*T do not know which book he means." 
Some excellent authorities call zvhich and zvhat in such cases 
relative adjectives, because, like relative pronouns, they are con- 
nectives as well as something else. (See Definitions 4, 2.) 



8 PREFACE 



these distinctions are necessary to a satisfactory presenta- 
tion of these two parts of speech. Furthermore, all the 
grammatical text books classify adjectives and adverbs, 
and hardly any two of them agree in terminology. It is 
therefore desirable to standardize the classifications. 

7. Definitions are required in this work, but not by the 
syllabus. In the opinion of the committee, (a) inductive 
teaching without formulation is not inductive at all, and 
(b) no science is possible without accurately defined terms. 

8. This is the fourth edition of the Teaching Plan of 
Grammar. The definitions remain as originally written; 
but the plan of work is wholly new. It is based upon the 
new English syllabus for elementary schools in New York, 
issued in 1922. 

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made of the in- 
valuable services rendered by the committee of principals, 
assistants to principal, and teachers who prepared the 
plans. 

Joseph S. Taylor. 
June 30, 1922. 



DEFINITIONS 

By Joseph S. Taylor 
District Superintendent 



THE following definitions and classifications embody 
the substance of General Circular No. 17, 1911-'12, 
issued by the Board of Superintendents under date 
of June 19, 1912. The additions here ofifered are in har- 
mony with the New York course of study in English and, 
as far as possible, with the Report of the Joint Commit- 
tee on Grammatical Nomenclature of the N.E. A., adopted 
in 1913. 

The author has tried to make the definitions as simple 
and clear as possible without sacrificing accuracy. He has 
purposely avoided "baby definitions," such as : **A noun is 
a name-word" ; '*a verb is an action-word" ; "an adjective 
is a quality-word." The whole purpose of the pamphlet 
and of the nomenclature movement generally, is to avoid 
the waste involved in teaching a child something in one 
grade or class or school v/hich he must unlearn in the next. 
Economy of learning requires that what we teach at any 
stage must remain true ever after. 

1. An adjective is a word used to qualify or limit the 
meaning of a noun or pronoun. Adjectives are divided 
into two general classes, descriptive and limiting. 

1. A descriptive adjective denotes the kind or qual- 
ity of an object. Descriptive adjectives are either 
common or proper. 111. — large, British. 

9 



10 DEFINITIONS 



2. A limiting adjective specifies or limits the mean- 
ing of a noun or pronoun. Limiting adjectives are 
divided into three classes, numeral, pronominal, and 
the article. (N. E. A. Report, p. 3). 

a. A numeral adjective is a limiting adjective that 
expresses number. 111. — Three, first. 

h. A pronominal adjective is a limiting adjective 
that is sometimes used as a pronoun. 111. — This apple 
is red (adjective). This is a red apple (pronoun). 

2. An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of 
a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. With reference to 
meaning adverbs are divided into the following classes : 

1. Time — answering the question, When? 

2. Place — answering the question. Where ? 

3. Degree — answering the question, To what ex- 
tent? 

4. Manner — answering the question, How ? 

5. Number — answering the question, In what 
order ? or, How many times ? 

6. Cause — answering the question, Why? 

7. Assertion or denial; as, yes, no. 

With reference to use adverbs are divided into 
three classes ; namely, simple, interrogative, relative. 

1. A simple adverb is an ordinary adverb ; as badly, 
slozvly. 

2. An interrogative adverb is an adverb that asks 
a question ; as. Why did you do it ? 



DEFINITIONS 



11 



3. A relative (or conjunctive) adverb is an adverb 
that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb, and con- 
nects a subordinate clause to a principal clause. 
111. — The seed grew up where it fell. 

3. The adverbial objective is a noun of value, distance, 
time, place, quantity, direction, or extent used adverbially. 
111. — The coat cost five dollars. He walked ten miles. The 
play lasted three hours. The lad is ten years old. Such 
nouns are in the objective case. The term adverbial ob- 
jective sufficiently describes their syntax. 

4. A conjunction is a word that connects words or 
groups of words. Conjunctions are divided into two 
principal classes, co-ordinating and subordinating. 

1. A co-ordinating conjunction is a word that con- 
nects elements of equal or similar rank. 

For the Teacher Only 

Co-ordinating conjunctions may be subdivided as follows: 

a. Copulative: and, also, likewise, now, both-and, as well 
as, not-either, neither-nor. 

b. Disjunctive: either-or, or, whether-or, or else, else. 

c. Adversative : but, yet, nevertheless, notwithstanding, 
however (optional). 

d. Causal: for, therefore, wherefore, then, hence, so, and 
accordingly (optional). 

2. A subordinating conjunction is a word that joins 
a subordinate clause to the principal clause. Illustra- 
tions : before, ere, since, after, as soon as, as long as, 
because, if, provided, unless, though, that, lest, than. 
I was here before you arrived. 



12 DEFINITIONS 



Relative pronouns, relative adjectives, and relative 
(conjunctive) adverbs also perform the office of a 
subordinate conjunction in addition to their functions 
as pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs. 111. — Happy is 
the man that findeth Vv'isdom ; I do not know zvhaf 
course I shall follow ; Come zi'hcn you can. 

5. Comparison of an adjective is a change of form to 
denote quality in different degrees. 

1. The positive degree is that form of the adjective 
which expresses simply the quality. 111. — good, bad, 
great. 

2. The comparative degree is that form of an ad- 
jective which expresses the quality in a higher or 
lower degree. 111. — better, ivorse, greater. 

3. The superlative degree is that form of an ad- 
jective which expresses the quality in the highest or 
lowest degree. 111. — best, zvorst, greatest. 

6. A clause is a part of a sentence that contains a sub- 
ject and a predicate. 111. — // he did this, he was right. 

7. Case is a change of form or use in a noun or pro- 
noun which shows its relation to other words. 

1. The nominative case is that form or use of a 
noun or pronoun which denotes the subject of a verb. 
111. — Lincoln was elected. You are the man. The 
nominate form is also required in the following in- 
stances : 

a. Nominative absolute. When a noun or pronoun 
is used with a participle to express cause, time, or 



DEFINITIONS 13 



circumstance, its case is called nominative absolute. 
111. — The guide having left us, we went home alone. 
Night coming on, the travelers looked for an inn. 

b. Nominative by direct address. A noun or pro- 
noun used as an independent element to address some 
person or thing directly is said to be nominative by 
direct address. 111. — JoJin, come here. Come to me, 
O ye children. 

c. Nominative of exclamation. A noun or pronoun 
used as an independent element to exclaim about a 
person or thing is called nominative of exclamation. 
111. — Poor little stranger! She never said a word. 

d. Predicate Nominative. See No. 20. 

e. Noun in Apposition. A noun or pronoun is gen- 
erally in the same case as another when it denotes the 
same person or thing and is used for explanation or 
emphasis. Such a word is called noun (or pronoun) 
in apposition. 111. — Brown himself went (emphasis). 
Brown, the merchant, went (explanation). Words in 
apposition may be in the nominative, objective, or 
possessive case. 

2. The objective case is that form or use of a noun 
or pronoun which denotes the object of a transitive 
verb or of a preposition. 111. — He has a book. Take 
me with you. 

a. Retained object. Usually the object of the active 
verb becomes the subject of the passive verb; thus: 
John struck James (active). James was struck by 
John (passive). When the active verb has both a 



14 DEFINITIONS 



direct and an indirect (dative) object, the passive 
verb retains its direct object and the indirect object 
becomes the subject ; thus : 

Father offered me a dollar (active). 

I was offered a dollar by father (passive). In the 
second sentence dollar is called a retained object. 

b. Indirect object is a dative objective placed be- 
tween the verb and its object. Formerly nouns or pro- 
nouns thus used were in the dative case and are still 
so called in other languages. In English we now call 
the relation objective case. 111. — Give me the book. 
They made Joseph a coat. Forgive tis our trespasses. 

3. The possessive (genitive) case is that form of a 
noun or pronoun which denotes ownership, author- 
ship, or appurtenance. 111. — My house; Shakes- 
peare's plays; the ship's compass. 

8. Gender is a change of form in nouns and pronouns 
to denote sex or the absence of sex. 

1. The masculine gender denotes males. 111. — He, 
him, man, administrator. 

2. The feminine gender denotes females. 111. — 
She, zvoman, administratrix. 

3. The neuter gender denotes objects without sex. 
111.—/^, book. 

9. Grammar is the science of the correct use of 
language. 

10. Inflection is a change in the form of a word to 
show a difference in meaning or in construction. 



DEFINITIONS 15 



a. Inflection of nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and ad- 
jectives is called declension. 111. — Man, men, man's; 
he, his, him; this, these; large, larger, largest. 

b. Inflection of verbs is called conjugation. 111. — 
Be, was, being, been. 



Table of Inflections 



adverb 


comparison 








adjective 


comparison 


number 






noun 


gender 


number 


case 




pronoun 


gender 


number 


case 


person 


verb 


voice 


number 


tense 


person 



mood 



11. An interjection is a wordor phrase that expresses 
feeling and is generally without syntax. 111. — Alas, oh, 
ah. 

12. Mood is a form or use of the verb w^hich indi- 
cates hov^ the assertion is thought of or conceived. 

1. The indicative mood is that form or use of the 
verb w^hich assumes the assertion as a fact (fact 
mood). 111. — / can sing. 

2. The subjunctive mood is that form or use of the 
verb w^hich assumes the assertion as merely thought 
of or supposed (thought mood). 111. — I wish he 
were here. I would do it if I could. 

3. The imperative mood is that form or use of the 
verb which expresses the assertion in the form of a 
command. 111. — Go away, John. Let us go. 



16 DEFINITIONS 



13. A noun is a word used as a name. Nouns are di- 
vided into two general classes, proper and common. 

1. A proper noun is the individual name of a per- 
son, group, or thing. 111. — John, Boston, Presby- 
terian. 

2. A common noun is a name common to all of the 
same kind or class. 111. — Book, slate. Common 
nouns are further devided into collective and verbal. 

a. A collective noun is a name that is singular in 
form and plural in meaning. 111. — The committee 
were divided in their opinions. 

b. A verbal noun is a participle or an infinitive 
used as a noun. 111. — Seeing is believing, 

14. Number is a change of form in a word to denote 
one or more than one. 

1. The singular number is that form of a word 
which denotes one. 111. — John, man. 

2. The plural number is that form of a word which 
denotes more than one. 111. — Geese, men. 

15. Objective complement. V&rhsoi making, creating, 
and choosing sometimes bring an adjective or a noun in 
relation to the direct object instead of the subject. Such 
an adjective or noun is then called an objective comple- 
ment. III. — He made the stick straight. Wq named her 
Mary. 

16. The object of a verb is a noun or pronoun that 
shows upon what person or thing the action is exerted. 
111. — Take him away. 



DEFINITIONS 17 



17. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

1. A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows by 
its form of what person it is. 111. — He, I, them, 

2. A relative pronoun is a pronoun that joins to its 
antecedent a subordinate clause. 111. — Health is one 
of the greatest blessings that a man can have. 

3. An adjective pronoun is a limiting adjective 
used as a pronoun. 111. — This is the man. Many are 
called, but fezv chosen. 

4. An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used to 
ask a question. 111. — Who are you? What is that? 
Which do you mean? 

18. A preposition is a word used to show the rela- 
tion of a noun or pronoun to some other word. 111. — At, 
in, on, by. 

19« The predicate of a sentence is that which is as- 
serted of the subject. It is a verb with all its qualifying 
adjuncts. 111. — The book was lying on the table when I 
last sazv it. 

20. A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun 
that completes the assertion of a verb and means the per- 
son or thing named by the subject. 111. — Washington was 
a wise leader. 

21. A predicate adjective is an adjective that com- 
pletes the assertion of the verb and modifies the subject. 
111. — The minstrel was infirm and old. 



18 DEFINITIONS 



22. Person is a change of form or use in a word to 
indicate whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken 
to, or the person or thing spoken of. 

1. The first person denotes the speaker. 111. — 
I, mine, me, 

2. The second person denotes the person spoken to 
111. — You, thou, thy. 

3. The third person denotes the person or thing 
spoken of. 111. — He, she, it. 

23. A phrase is a group of related words, without a 
subject and a predicate, used as a single part of speech. 
111. — He was a man of the people. 

24. A sentence is a combination of words express- 
ing a complete thought. 

25. The subject of a sentence is that of which some- 
thing is asserted. It is a noun or its equivalent with all 
its qualifying adjuncts. 111. — This large red apple is for 
you. 

26. Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of 
the way in which words are joined in sentences.* 

When the syntax of a noun or pronoun is called 
for, the reason for its case should be given. 

When the syntax of an adjective or an adverb is 
called for, the word modified should be given. 



* It includes agreement, government, and order of words accord- 
ing to good usage, to secure euphony, clearness, and force in speech. 



DEFINITIONS 19 



When the syntax of a verb is called for, the sub- 
ject, number, and person should be given. 

When the syntax of a phrase or clause is called 
for, the office it fulfills should be stated. 

27. Tense is a change in the form of a verb which 
expresses distinctions of time. The tenses are present, 
past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future 
perfect. 

1. Forms of tenses. The tense of a verb may be 
expressed in various forms, such as the common, em- 
phatic, passive, progressive, and ancient. (Optional.) 
111. — He zvent home (common). 
He did go home (emphatic). 
The boy was taken home (passive). 
He was running fast (progressive). 
Thou art the man (ancient). 

28. A verb is a word that asserts. Verbs are divided 
as to form into two classes, regular and irregular. 

1. A regular (weak) verb is a verb that usually 
forms its past tense by the ending, t, d, or ed. 111. — 
Look, looked; bite, bit ; stay, staid. 

2. An irregtdar (strong) verb is a verb that usually 
forms its past tense by an inward vowel change. 111. — 
Be, was, been; grozv, grew, grown. 

Verbs are divided as to use or function into two 
classes, transitive and intransitive. 

1. A transitive verb is a verb that expresses action 



20 DEFINITIONS 



received by some person or thing. 111. — John struck 
James. 

2. An intransitive verb is a verb that expresses 
action or being confined to the subject. 111. — The 
carpenters struck for higher wages. 

Some intransitive verbs are called copulative ; as, 
is (in all its forms). 

29. A verbal is a form of the verb which merely 
names the act or state without asserting it and performs 
the office of another part of speech. 111. — To go; singing. 

Verbals are of three kinds, infinitives, participles, 
and gerunds (or participial notms). 

1. An infinitive is a simple verbal that often begins 
with to. 111. — I like to hear you sing. Let him go. 

2. A participle is an adjective verbal retaining ver- 
bal functions. 111. — Truth crushed to earth shall rise 
again. 

3. A gerund is a participial verbal used as a noun 
but retaining verbal functions. 111. — The miser en- 
joys counting his wealth (optional). (N. E. A. 
Com., p. 4.) 

30. Voice is that form or use of a transitive verb 
which shows whether the subject acts or receives the act. 
There are two voices, the active and the passive. 

1. The active voice represents the subject as act- 
ing. 111. — He strikes. 

2. The passive z'oice represents the subject as re- 
ceiving the act. 111. — He is struck. 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 

Grade 6A 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Plan of Work 

1. Simple declarative sentences. 

2. Simple interrogative sentences. 

3. Changing of declarative sentences to interroga- 
tive sentences and vice versa. 

4. Nouns : Two classes ; namely, common and 
proper. 

5. Verbs. 

6. Subject and predicate — recognition and defi- 
nition. 

2. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Capitals for proper nouns. 

2. Capitals for first word of a sentence. 

3. Nouns changed to show possession. 

4. Punctuation at close of a statement and a ques- 
tion. 

5. Correct use of is — isnt, arc-arcnt, zvas-zvasfi'tj 
were-wereti't. 

6. Correct use of prepositions in, at. 

7. Correct verb forms ; as, bring ^ take, run, fly. 

21 



22 gram: 6a 



SECOND MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Simple declarative and interrogative sentences. 

2. Nouns and verbs. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Pronouns. 

2. Imperative sentences. 

3. Changing imperative sentences to declarative 
and interrogative, and vice versa. 

4. Subject and predicate. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct use of / and me. 

2. Correct use of other personal pronouns. 

3. Correct use of zvas and were after there. 

4. Correct use of adverbs, not adjectives, in every- 
day expressions. See English Syllabus, page 104. 

5. Correct forms of verbs ; as, blow, buy, steal, 
spin. 



THIRD MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Simple sentences. 

2. Nouns, pronouns, verbs. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Pronouns, continued. 

2. Pupils to express the thought on some topic in 



GRADE 6a 23 

the declarative, interrogative, imperative, and ex- 
clamatory form. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct usage of says and said. 

2. Correct usage of learn and teach. 

3. Correct usage of adjective, not adverb, in such 
expressions as, "She looks so sweet" (not sweetly.) 

4. Correct form of verbs; as, become, min, eat, sing. 



FOURTH MONTH 

1. Reviev^^ 

1. Review thoroughly the four types of sentences; 
namely, declarative, interrogative, imperative, ex- 
clamatory. 

2. Nouns, pronouns. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Adjectives. 

2. Synthesis : combine two or three simple sen- 
tences into one simple sentence. 

3. Exercises in finding complete subject and com- 
plete predicate. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct use of pronouns; as. It is I, It is he. 
It is she^ It is they. 



24 GRADE 6a 



2. Correct use of adjectives and adverbs; as: "The 
apple tastes sweet" (not sweetly), and "They played 
very happily together" (not happy.) 

3. Correct verb forms; as, catch, drink, teach, 
begin. 



FIFTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Adverbs as modifiers of verbs. 

2. Adverbs as modifiers of adjectives and other ad- 
verbs. 

3. Definitions of principal terms used. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct visage of adjectives and adverbs. 

2. Correct verb forms ; as, catch, drink, teach, 
begin. 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 
Grade 6B 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Classification of simple sentences: Declarative, 
interrogative, and imperative. Exclamatory form. 

2. Synthesis. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Object of the verb. 

2. Compound variety of sentence elements; as, 
compound subject and compound predicate. 

3. The preposition. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct use of prepositions between and among. 

2. Correct use of prepositions in and into. 

3. Correct verb forms ; as, lead, be, see, swim. 



SECOND MONTH 
1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs. 

25 



26 GRADE 6b 



2. Plan of Work 

1. The conjunction. 

2. The interjection. 

3. Inverted order of sentence. 

4. Complement : the predicate noun. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. / is the form for the subject. 

2. Me is the form for the object. 

3. Use of the pronoun after the verb as predicate 
nominative. 

4. Use of the preposition from; as, *T took it from 
her" (not off). 

5. Correct use of behind (at the back of). 

6. Correct verb forms ; as. leave, let, do, sink. 



THIRD MONTH 

1. Revievi^ 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Object and predicate noun or pronoun. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Complement (predicate adjective). 

2. Adjective and adverbial modifiers, 

3. Complements and adverbial modifiers con- 
trasted. 

4. Words that may be used as different parts of 
speech ; as, light. 



GRADE 6b 27 



''Light the gas" (verb). 
"The light is very poor" (noun). 
'The girl wore a light dress" (adjective). 
5. The conjunction. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct use of to and at. 

2. Correct use of with, from, by. 

3. Correct use of behind and back of (at the 
back of). 

4. Correct verb forms ; as, piit, speak, write, drown. 



FOURTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Parts of speech already taught — recognition and 
definition. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. The interjection. 

2. Compound variety of sentence elements ; as 
predicate and object. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct usage of behind — back of — at the back 
of. 

2. Correct usage of tmth, at, to. 

3. Correct verb forms : sing, blow, ride, ring. 

4. Correct usage of adverbs and adjectives. 



28 GRADE 6b 



FIFTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Preposition, conjunction, interjection. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Compound variety of sentence elements; as 
predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. 

2. Modifiers, adjective and adverbial. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct verb forms; as, break, fall, drive, stand. 

2. Correct use of hetzveen and among. 

3. Correct use of in and into. 

4. Correct use of behind or back of. 

5. Correct use of from. 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 
Grade 7A 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences with 
and without complements. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Classes of nouns : common and proper ; collective 
noun as subdivision of common. 

2. Inflection of nouns : person, number, gender. 

3. Forms of the more common feminine nouns. 

4. Formation of plurals with special attention to 
irregular plurals and to plurals of compound nouns. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Capital letter for proper noun. 

2. Concord of verb with its subject. 

3. Concord of verb when subject is a collective 
noun. 



SECOND MONTH 
1. Review 

1. Analysis of simple sentences with compound 
subject and predicate. 

2. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, prepositions. 

29 



.30 GRADE 7a 



2. Plan of Work 

1. Pronouns: classes; as, personal, relative, inter- 
rogative, adjective — definition and use. 

2. Inflections of pronouns ; as, person, number, 
gender. 

3. The antecedent. 

4. Definitions of parts of speech already taught. 

5. Parsing of nouns, pronouns, adjectives. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Agreement of pronoun with its antecedent. 



THIRD MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of sentences containing predicate nomi- 
natives. 

2. Adjectives, conjunctions, interjections. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Case. 

Nominative case: (1) subject of verb, (2) com- 
plement of copulative verb, (3) direct address, (4) 
apposition. 

Objective case: (1) object of a verb, (2) in- 
direct object, (3) governed by preposition, (4) 
apposition. 

Possessive case: (1) Possession, etc., (2) appo- 
sition. 



GRADE 7 A 31 

2. Declension of pronouns. 

3. Correct forms of possessive singular and pos- 
sessive plural of nouns, 

4. Nouns in apposition. 

5. Case of appositives. ' 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Writing the possessive form of the personal 
pronoun without an apostrophe; as, "Its name is Bob" 
(not, 'It's name is Bob.") 

2. Correct case forms of the pronoun. See English 
Syllabus, page 106: 2; p. 107: (1), (2), (3), (4); 3: 

(1), (2). 

3. Avoidance of double nominative ; as, "My father 
said so" (not, "My father he said so"). 



FOURTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Sentences with indirect object. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Adjectives: descriptive, limiting: numeral, pro- 
nominal, and the article — recognition, use, definition. 

2. Adjective phrases. 

3. Changing adjectives to adjective phrases and 
vice versa. 

4. Adverbial phrases. 



Z2 ' GRADE 7a 

5. Changing adverbs to adverbial phrases and vice 
versa. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Place adjective and adverbial modifiers as near 
as possible to the words that they modify. 

2. Drill in the correct use of the adjective and the 
adverb. 

3. Use adverbs, not adjectives, with verbs, ad- 
jectives, and adverbs. 

4. Use of adjective well, not adjective good, in 
such expressions as, "I don't feel well" (not good). 

5. Correct use of a and aw (an apple, a book.) 

6. Do not use a with such nouns as sort, kind, or 
class; as, "I don't like that sort of thing" (not, "I 
don't like that sort of a thing"). 



FIFTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of simple sentences with adjective and 
adverbial phrases. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Comparison of adjectives. 

2. Correct use of possessive and objective cases. 

3. Correct use of interrogative ivho in possessive 
and objective cases. 



GRADE 7a 33 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Use the comparative degree of the adjective 
when two persons or things are compared. 

2. Avoid double comparatives. 

3. The form this and that (not, these and those), 
with such singular nouns; as, pair, sort, kind. ("I 
don't like this pair of shoes.") 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 
Grade 7B 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis of simple sentences. 

2. Adjectives : kinds, inflection, syntax. 

3. Nouns : kinds, inflection, s)'ntax. 

4. Definitions taught thus far. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Expansion of adjectives into phrases and clauses. 

2. Contraction of phrases and clauses into adjec- 
tives. 

3. Complex sentences with adjective clauses intro- 
duced by relative pronouns. 

4. Complex sentences with adjective clauses intro- 
duced by relative or conjunctive adverbs. 

5. Verbs : division as to form, regular and irreg- 
ular. 

6. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs, lie, 
lay, let, leave, flozv, flee, fly. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Agreement of a verb with its subject. 

2. Particular attention given to the position of the 
adjective modifier. 

34 



GRADE 7b 35 



SECOND MONTH 
. Review 

1. Analysis of simple sentences with compound 
elements. 

2. Pronouns : kind, inflection, syntax. 

:. Plan of Work 

1. Complex sentence with adjective clause, rela* 
tive pronoun used as object of preposition. 

2. Adverbs : Classes : Meaning — 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Classes: Use — 1, 2, 3. 

3. Comparison of adverbs. 

4. Adverbial phrases. 

5. Expansion of adverbs into phrases and clauses. 

6. Contraction of phrases and clauses into adverbs. 

7. Complex sentence with adverbial clause of time, 
place, manner. 

8. Verbs : division as to use or function ; transitive., 
intransitive (copulative). 

9. Drill on correct form of irregular verbs : sit, set 
raise, rise, bring, strike, do, see. 

I. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. When only two persons or things are compared, 
use the comparative degree of the adjective. 

2. Avoid double negative. 

3. Particular attention should be given to the posi- 
tion of adverbial modifiers. 



36 GRADE 7b 

THIRD MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Complex sentence with adjective clause intro- 
duced by relative pronoun. 

2. Complex sentence with adverbial clause of time, 
place, manner. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Complex sentence with adverbial clause of de- 
gree. 

2. Verbs : division as to function : transitive, in- 
transitive (copulative), continued. 

3. Drill on correct form of irregular verbs : write, 
freeze, blow, break, choose, draw, drive, fall. 

4. Copulative verbs : be, become, seem, appear, re- 
main, grow, look, taste, feel, smell, continue, sound, 
stand, sit, go. 

5. Voice of transitive verbs (only transitive verbs 
are inflected for voice). 

6. Changing from active voice to passive and from 
passive to active. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct use of nominative case (4) . 

2. Correct use of objective case (4) . 

3. Be careful to distinguish an adjective comple- 
ment from an adverb modifier. 

4. The comma is used to set off transposed ele- 
ments. 



GRADE 7b Z7 

FOURTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Complex sentence with adjective clause intro- 
duced by conjunctive adverb. 

2. Complex sentence with adverbial clause of de- 
gree. 

3. Definitions taught thus far. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Person and number of verbs. 

2. Tenses : simple : present past, future. 

3. Tenses : compound : present perfect, past per- 
fect, future perfect. 

4. Distinction between will and shall. 

5. Distinction between would and should. 

6. Drill on correct form of irregular verbs: give, 
swim, come, ride, know, lose, shake. 

7. Mood : indicative, imperative. 

8. Compound sentences. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Concord of tense. 

2. Drill on such forms as nearly and almost. 

3. Agreement of relative pronoun with its ante- 
cedent. 

4. Adjectives, not adverbs, to complete copulative 
verbs ; as, "These roses smell sweet." 



38 GRADE 7b 

FIFTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Compound sentences. 

2. Mood : indicative and imperative. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Mood: Subjunctive. 

2. Drill on such forms as, "If I were you," "I wish 
I were" (not, I wish I was). 

3. Further exercises in sequence of tenses. 

4. Use of may and might for permission. 

5. Drill on correct form of irregular verbs : shine, 
show, speak, spring, steal, strike, take. 

6. The noun clause used as object of verb. 

7. Definitions of all terms used. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Correct everyday irregular verb forms; as, 
'He began it" (not, "He begun it"). 
'Yesterday the pipes burst" (not "bursted") ; 
'The lake has frozen" (not "froze"). 



(<i 



^i' 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 

Grade 8A 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of compound sentences. 

2. Moods and tenses. Special attention to sub- 
junctive mood. 

3. Definitions of parts of speech. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Conjunctions classified: (1) co-ordinating, (2) 
subordinating, (3) correlative. 

2. Sentence containing noun clause used as predi- 
cate complement of copulative verb. 

3. Exercise in expanding the noun into noun 
clauses and vice versa. 

4. Exercises in expanding, condensing, and recast- 
ing phrases and clauses. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Drill on correct every day use of conjunctions, 
particularly the conjunctions as and unless. English 
Syllabus, p. 110. 

2. Use present tense to express present facts and 
unchangeable truths. 

3. Concord of tense. 

39 



40 GRADE 8a 



4. Drill on the co-ordinating conjunctions by a 
liberal use of examples, where words are so con- 
nected, then phrases, and lastly clauses. 



SECOND MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of complex sentences with noun clause 
used as object. 

2. Definition of inflection, declension, conjugation. 

3. Pronouns: (1) adjective, (2) interrogative, (3) 
personal, (4) relative (include but and as). 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Connectives classified as (1) conjunctions, (2) 
relative pronouns, (3) relative or conjunctive ad- 
jectives, (4) relative or conjunctive adverbs. 

2. Sentences containing noun clause used as sub- 
ject of verb. 

3. Elliptical sentences (These usually follow the 
conjunctions than and as). 111. — He is taller than 
John. He is as large as George. 

4. Verb Phrases ; as, run over and laughed at. 

5. The expletives It and There. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Drill on the correct every day use of conjunc- 
tions in sentences. See English Syllabus, page 110. 



GRADE 8a 41 



2. Do not use like instead oi as (Like is not a con- 
junction). 

3. Do not use zvithout for unless. 

4. Drill on the correct placing of corresponsive 
conjunctions. 

5. Drill on the correct use of pronouns. 



THIRD MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Long simple sentences. 

2. Analysis of sentences containing adjective and 
adverbial clauses. 

3. Study of connectives. 

4. Uses of nominative case: (1) subject, (2) pred- 
icate complement, (3) direct address, (4) apposition. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Sentences containing noun clauses used as object 
of preposition. 

2. Objective complement. 

3. Classification and syntax of adjectives and ad- 
verbs (include adverbs of number). 

4. Special attention to the subjunctive mood. 

5. Retained object. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. The subject and the object of the infinitive are 
in the objective case. 



42 GRADE 8a 

2. Case of subject and predicate nominative. 

3. Drill in correct placing of correlative conjunc- 
tions; as, (1) neither-nor, (2) either-or. 

4. Drill on the correct use of conjunctions in sen- 
tences. 

5. Drill on the proper choice of prepositions. 



FOURTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Sentences with noun clauses used as object of 
preposition. 

2. Rules of syntax should be studied in connection 
with words used in sentence. 

3. Classification of clauses ; as, adjective, adverbial, 
and noun; and as co-ordinate in compound sentences. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Sentences with noun clauses used in apposition 
with a noun or pronoun (It is true that I did it). 

2. Drill on correct use of connectives. 

3. Uses of objective case : (1) object of verb, (2) 
object of preposition, (3) indirect object, (4) appo- 
sition, (5) objective complement. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Possessive case precedes participial noun. 

2. Case of explanatory nouns. 



GRADE 8a 43 



3. Drill on the correct placing of correlative con- 
junctions. 

4. Drill on the correct placing of modifying words, 
phrases, and clauses. 



FIFTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of simple, compound, complex sen- 
tences. 

2. Sentences with adjective and adverbial and noun 
clauses. 

3. Independent elements. 

4. Classification and syntax of phrases and clauses. 

5. Declension of pronouns. 

6. Moods and tenses. 

7. Conjugation of verbs. 

8. Parsing of all parts of speech. 

9. Definitions, 

10. The adverbial objective. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Never use like as a conjunction. 

2. Drill in constrviction of sentences correctly, 
orally, and in writing. 

3. Drill on a careful distinction and syntax of the 

connective. 



PLAN OF GRAMMAR 

Grade 8B 



FIRST MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of long simple, compound, complex 
sentences. 

2. Moods : indicative, imperative, subjunctive. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Verbals should be classified as (1) infinitives, 

(2) participles, (3) participial nouns (or gerunds). 
Verbals formed from transitive verbs retain their 
power to govern the objective case. 

2. Expansion of participles and infinitives to phrases 
and clauses and vice versa. 

3. Infinitive used (1) as noun, (2) as adjective, 

(3) as adverb. 

4. Infinitive phrases and infinitive clauses. 
"I want to see that beautiful flag." 

"I want the French children to see that wonderful 
flag." 

5. The subject and the object of the infinitive are 
in the objective case; as, "We know it to be him." 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. The possessive case precedes the participial noun 
(There is no use of your denying it). 

44 



GRADE 8b 45 



2. Possessive case for singular and plural number 

3. Adjectives should agree in number with the 
nouns which they qualify; as, "I don't like this pair 
of shoes." 

4. Agreement of the verb with its subject. 



SECOND MONTH 

1. Review^ 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Tenses : simple and compound. 

3. Analysis of sentences with infinitive phrases and 
participial phrases. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. The infinitive; two tenses, (1) present, (2) 
past. 

Note. — The past infinitive is rarely used, and 
should never be used with the past tense of the prin- 
cipal verb; as, "I expected to go," not *T expected to 
have gone." 

2. Infinitive phrases and clauses continued. 

3. Participles: two, present and past. 

4. Exercises in changing complex sentences to 
simple by substituting participial phrases for the sub- 
ordinate clauses. 

5. Phrases are classified as (1) adjective, (2) ad- 
verbial, (3) noun. 



46 GRADE 8b 



3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. If only two persons or things are compared use 
the comparative degree of the adjective; if more than 
two, the superlative. 

2. Avoid double comparatives. 

3. Avoid double superlatives. 



THIRD MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of sentences containing noun clauses. 

2. Conjugation of verbs in indicative and impera- 
tive moods. 

3. Analysis of sentences containing infinitive 
phrases and infinitive clauses. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Phrases (continued): (1) adjective, (2) ad- 
verbial, (3) noun. 

2. Participles may be used, (1) to modify nouns, 
(2) as predicate complement, (3) as object of verb. 

3. Dangling participles : A participle or participial 
phrase should be placed immediately after the noun 
whose meaning it modifies. Where there is no doubt 
about the noun to which it belongs the participle may 
come first. 

4. Participial nouns (or gerunds). 

5. Noun phrases and noun clauses compared. 

6. Noun phrases and clauses used as (1) subject 



GRADE 8b 47 



of verb, (2) object of verb, (3) object of preposi- 
tion, (4) predicate complement, (5) apposition. 

3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Avoid comparing adjectives which will not ad- 
mit of different degrees. 

2. Possessives: (1) joint ownership, (2) several 
possessors, (3) explanatory possessive. 

3. Correct use of the nominative, objective, and 
possessive cases. 

4. The possessive case precedes the participial 
noun. 



FOURTH MONTH 

1. Review 

1. Analysis of sentences containing adverbial and 
adjective clauses. 

2. Conjugation of verbs in the subjunctive mood. 

3. Verbals : participles, infinitives, gerunds. 

2. Plan of Work 

1. Noun phrases may be infinitive or gerundial in 
form. 

2. Adverbial phrases may be prepositional or in- 
finitive in form. 

3. Adjective phrases may be prepositional, infin- 
itive, or participial in form. 

4. Changing participial and infinitive phrases to 
clauses and vice versa. 

5. Exercises in supplying the missing participle in 
elliptical sentences. 



48 GRADE 8b 



3. Training in Grammatical Habit 

1. Agreement of the relative pronoun with its ante- 
cedent. 

2. The tense of the verb in the principal clause 
must not conflict with the verb in the subordinate 
clause. 

3. Use present tense to express present facts and 
unchangeable truths. 

4. Subject and object of infinitive are in the ob- 
jective case. 



FIFTH MONTH 
1. Review 

1. Analysis and synthesis. 

2. Adjective clauses in compound and complex 
sentences. 

3. Adverbial clauses in compound and complex 
sentences. 

4. Declension of nouns and pronouns. 

5. Drill on correct forms of irregular verbs. 

6. Indej>endent elements : words, phrases, clauses. 

7. Parsing of all parts of speech. 

8. Definitions of all parts of speech. 

9. Rules of syntax. 

10. Particular attention should be given to the ad- 
verbial modifier. 

11. Elliptical sentences. 

12. Words used as different parts of speech. 



SLANG 49 



SLANG 



Slang is unauthorized popular language, consisting of 
words and expressions of low or illiterate origin and use, 
or of legitimate expressions used in a grotesque sense not 
approved by good usage and good taste. There are, how- 
ever, times when a good slang phrase exactly fits a situa- 
tion. Sometimes a slang phrase becomes accepted as good 
usage, and passes into the language as a valuable addition 
to it. But generally slang serves only to reveal the pov- 
erty of one's mind and the slimness of one's vocabulary. 
What is regarded by one as slang may be regarded by 
another as correct English. Thus the phrases "on the 
wrong track," to "go back on your friend," "to give your- 
self away" may be considered vigorous colloquial English 
by one, and slang by another. 



50 IDIOMS 



IDIOMS 

An idiom is a form of expression that does not conform 
to general laws, a sort of exception to the rules of gram- 
mar. All languages have idioms. The use of you, the 
plural form, for thou, is an idiom. In the sentence, **I go 
a-fishing," a is a preposition, meaning at, and fishing is a 
gerund. In the sentence, "We were fishing," fishing is a 
predicate adjective. A thorough command of idioms is 
necessary to an effective use of a language. 



EXAMPLES OF IDIOMS 

1. I do not doubt the courage of the man (man's cour- 
age). 

2. This horse is John's (horse). 

3. We bought our skates at Brown's (store). 

4. This is a trick of yours (your tricks). 

5. Take this hat of Jim's (Jim's hat). 

6. We are sure of John's winning the race (not John), 

7. His not being there made a difference (not him). 

8. Every boy must mind his own business (not their), 

9. The train starts at two (present for future). 

10. We are sailing tomorrow. 

11. He plunges into the thick of the fight; he dies glori- 
ously (The historical present — present for past). 

12. The more the merrier. 

13. The deeper the well the cooler the water. 

14. They came one by one. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 51 



RULES OF SYNTAX 
Nouns and Pronouns 

1. A noun or pronoun used as the subject of a verb is in 
the nominative case. 

2. A noun or pronoun used independently is in the nomi- 
native case. 

3. A noun or pronoun used absolutely with a participle 
is in the nominative case. 

4. A noun or pronoun used to modify another by denot- 
ing ownership, authorship, or appurtenance is in the 
possessive case. 

5. A noun or pronoun used as the direct or indirect 
object of a verb is in the objective case. 

6. A noun or pronoun used as an adverbial objective is 
in the objective case. 

7. A noun or pronoun used as an objective complement 
is in the objective case. 

8. A noun or pronoun used as the object of a preposition 
is in the objective case. 

9. A noun or pronoun used to modify another by de- 
noting the same person or thing agrees with it in case. 

10. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, num- 
ber, and gender. 

11. When a pronoun stands for two or more singular 
nouns connected by and, it agrees with them in the 
plural number. 



52 RULES OF SYNTAX 



12. When a pronoun stands for two or more singular 
nouns connected by or or nor, it agrees with them in 
the singular number. 

13. The relative pronoun who refers only to persons, or 
to things personified ; which refers to things ; that re- 
fers to persons or things. 

Verbs 

14. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

15. When a verb has two or more nominatives connected 
by and, it agrees with them in the plural number. 

16. When a verb has two or more singular nominatives 
connected by or or nor, it agrees with them in the 
singular number. 

17. For expressing what will happen in the future shall 
is used in the first person, ivill in the second and third 
persons, 111. — "I shall write my letter now." "You will 
find the books here." 

18. For expressing determination or purpose shall is used 
in the first person, zvill in the second and third per- 
sons. 111. — "I will not hear another word from you." 
"He shall go to school every day." 

19. A collective noun takes a singular verb when we think 
of the group, but a plural verb when we think of the 
individuals. 111. — "The lowing herd winds slowly o'er 
the lea." "The army were dressed in blue uniforms." 



RULES OF SYNTAX 53 



Adjectives 

20. An adjective is used to modify a noun or pronoun. 

21. An adjective that expresses number must agree in 
number with the noun which it modifies. 111. — "I like 
this kind of apples." "I like these apples." 

22. The article a is commonly omitted when we refer to 
the kind. 111. — "What kind of sentence is it" (not 
kind of a sentence) ? "He now assumed the title of 
Dictator." "I have a sort of headache." 

Adverbs 

23. An adverb is used to modify a verb, an adjective, or 
another adverb. 

Prepositions 

24. A preposition governs the objective case. 

25. A preposition shows the relation of its object to the 
word which the phrase modifies. 

26. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, clauses, and 
sentences. 

Infinitives 

27. The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case. 
111. — *T believe him to be an honest man." 

28. The predicate pronoun after an infinitive is in the ob- 
jective case. 111. — "We knew it to be him: 



)) 



LIBRPRY OF CUNUKtoo 




